Machine learning has greatly influenced a variety of fields, including science. However, despite tremendous accomplishments of machine learning, one of the key limitations of most existing machine learning approaches is their reliance on large labeled sets, and thus, data with limited labeled samples remains an important challenge. Moreover, the performance of machine learning methods is often severely hindered in case of diverse data, which is usually associated with smaller data sets or data associated with areas of study where the size of the data sets is constrained by high experimental cost and/or ethics. These challenges call for innovative strategies for dealing with these types of data.